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SEEBECK EFFECT

German Seebeck found that when two different conductor is attached in 1822, such as the temperature difference between the two connection points in different, produces in the conductor a thermoelectric effect:

ES=S?△T
　　
Notes：
ES:Thermo-electromotive Force
S:Thermo-electromotive Force（Seeback Factor）
△T:Temperature Differences in Both Side

PELTIER EFFECT

French Peltier and Seebeck effects were found in 1834, that is, when the current flowing through the two different conductors when a joint is formed, the contact will be radiated heat, exothermic or endothermic size decided by the size of the current:

Q=л?I=a?Tc?I
　　
Notes：
Q For exothermic or endothermic power
л:k called the Peltier coefficient
I:Current
a:Temperature difference electromotive force
Tc:For the cold-junction temperature

THOMSON EFFECT

When the current flowing through the conductor of temperature gradients, and other than by Joule heating of the conductor resistance, conductors have to release or absorb heat, t conductor temperature difference between two points, the exothermic or endothermic:

Qτ=τ?I?△T
　　
Notes：
Qτ:Exothermic or endothermic power
τ:For the Thomson coefficient
I:Current
△T:For temperature gradient

Principles of refrigeration

Principle of power generation